Non-genetic neuromodulation with graphene optoelectronic actuators for disease models, stem cell maturation, and biohybrid robotics

Authors: Elena Molokanova, Teng Zhou, Pragna Vasupal, Volodymyr P. Cherkas, Prashant Narute, Mariana S. A. Ferraz, Michael Reiss, Angels Almenar-Queralt, Georgia Chaldaiopoulou, Janaina Sena de Souza, Honieh Hemati, Francisco Downey, Omowuyi O. Olajide, Carolina Thörn Perez, Francesca Puppo, Pinar Mesci, Samuel L. Pfaff, Dmitry Kireev, Alysson R. Muotri, and Alex Savchenko

Nature Communications, 20 August 2025